Funciones De Excel Wikipedia

For non-integer α, the functions J α (x) and J −α (x) are linearly independent, and are therefore the two solutions of the differential equation. On the other hand, for integer order n, the following relationship is valid (the gamma function has simple poles at each of the non-positive integers). Mitchell, Tom M. Machine Learning.WCB–McGraw–Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-042807-2.In particular see 'Chapter 4: Artificial Neural Networks' (in particular pp. 96–97) where Mitchell uses the word 'logistic function' and the 'sigmoid function' synonymously – this function he also calls the 'squashing function' – and the sigmoid (aka logistic) function is used to compress the outputs. Microsoft Excel A simple line chart being created in Excel, running on Windows 10 Developer(s) Microsoft Initial release 1987; 34 years ago (1987) Stable release(s) Office 365 2011 (16.0.4) / November 23, 2020; 44 days ago (2020-11-23) One-time purchase 2019 (16.0.6) / September 24, 2018; 2 years ago (2018-09-24) Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Spreadsheet. Main branch of the Lambert W function in the complex plane. Note the branch cut along the negative real axis, ending at − 1 / e.In this picture, the hue of a point z is determined by the argument of W(z), and the brightness by the absolute value of W(z). La Universidad de Harvard dice que usar bien ciertas funciones de Excel puede ser clave para ganar tiempo y productividad. Pegado especial (10 minutos de aprendizaje).

A sigmoid function is a mathematical function having a characteristic 'S'-shaped curve or sigmoid curve. A common example of a sigmoid function is the logistic function shown in the first figure and defined by the formula:^[1]

S(x)=11+e−x=exex+1.{displaystyle S(x)={frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}={frac {e^{x}}{e^{x}+1}}.}

Other standard sigmoid functions are given in the Examples section.

Special cases of the sigmoid function include the Gompertz curve (used in modeling systems that saturate at large values of x) and the ogee curve (used in the spillway of some dams). Sigmoid functions have domain of all real numbers, with return (response) value commonly monotonically increasing but could be decreasing. Sigmoid functions most often show a return value (y axis) in the range 0 to 1. Another commonly used range is from −1 to 1.

A wide variety of sigmoid functions including the logistic and hyperbolic tangent functions have been used as the activation function of artificial neurons. Sigmoid curves are also common in statistics as cumulative distribution functions (which go from 0 to 1), such as the integrals of the logistic density, the normal density, and Student's t probability density functions. The logistic sigmoid function is invertible, and its inverse is the logit function.

Definition[edit]

A sigmoid function is a bounded, differentiable, real function that is defined for all real input values and has a non-negative derivative at each point^[1] and exactly one inflection point. A sigmoid 'function' and a sigmoid 'curve' refer to the same object.

Properties[edit]

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In general, a sigmoid function is monotonic, and has a first derivative which is bell shaped. Conversely, the integral of any continuous, non-negative, bell-shaped function (with one local maximum and no local minimum, unless degenerate) will be sigmoidal. Thus the cumulative distribution functions for many common probability distributions are sigmoidal. One such example is the error function, which is related to the cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution.

A sigmoid function is constrained by a pair of horizontal asymptotes as x→±∞{displaystyle xrightarrow pm infty }.

A sigmoid function is convex for values less than 0, and it is concave for values greater than 0.

Examples[edit]

f(x)=11+e−x{displaystyle f(x)={frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}}

• Hyperbolic tangent (shifted and scaled version of the logistic function, above)

f(x)=tanh⁡x=ex−e−xex+e−x{displaystyle f(x)=tanh x={frac {e^{x}-e^{-x}}{e^{x}+e^{-x}}}}

f(x)=arctan⁡x{displaystyle f(x)=arctan x}

f(x)=gd⁡(x)=∫0x1cosh⁡tdt=2arctan⁡(tanh⁡(x2)){displaystyle f(x)=operatorname {gd} (x)=int _{0}^{x}{frac {1}{cosh t}},dt=2arctan left(tanh left({frac {x}{2}}right)right)}

f(x)=erf⁡(x)=2π∫0xe−t2dt{displaystyle f(x)=operatorname {erf} (x)={frac {2}{sqrt {pi }}}int _{0}^{x}e^{-t^{2}},dt}

f(x)=(1+e−x)−α,α>0{displaystyle f(x)=(1+e^{-x})^{-alpha },quad alpha >0}

• Smoothstep function

f(x)={(∫01(1−u2)Ndu)−1∫0x(1−u2)Ndu,|x|≤1sgn⁡(x)|x|≥1N≥1{displaystyle f(x)={begin{cases}displaystyle {left(int _{0}^{1}(1-u^{2})^{N} duright)^{-1}int _{0}^{x}(1-u^{2})^{N} du},&|x|leq 1operatorname {sgn}(x)&|x|geq 1end{cases}},quad Ngeq 1}

• Hyperbolic tangent (shifted and scaled version of the logistic function, above)

f(x)=tanh⁡x=ex−e−xex+e−x{displaystyle f(x)=tanh x={frac {e^{x}-e^{-x}}{e^{x}+e^{-x}}}}

f(x)=arctan⁡x{displaystyle f(x)=arctan x}

f(x)=gd⁡(x)=∫0x1cosh⁡tdt=2arctan⁡(tanh⁡(x2)){displaystyle f(x)=operatorname {gd} (x)=int _{0}^{x}{frac {1}{cosh t}},dt=2arctan left(tanh left({frac {x}{2}}right)right)}

f(x)=erf⁡(x)=2π∫0xe−t2dt{displaystyle f(x)=operatorname {erf} (x)={frac {2}{sqrt {pi }}}int _{0}^{x}e^{-t^{2}},dt}

f(x)=(1+e−x)−α,α>0{displaystyle f(x)=(1+e^{-x})^{-alpha },quad alpha >0}

• Smoothstep function

f(x)={(∫01(1−u2)Ndu)−1∫0x(1−u2)Ndu,|x|≤1sgn⁡(x)|x|≥1N≥1{displaystyle f(x)={begin{cases}displaystyle {left(int _{0}^{1}(1-u^{2})^{N} duright)^{-1}int _{0}^{x}(1-u^{2})^{N} du},&|x|leq 1operatorname {sgn}(x)&|x|geq 1end{cases}},quad Ngeq 1}

• Some algebraic functions, for example

f(x)=x1+x2{displaystyle f(x)={frac {x}{sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}}

Applications[edit]

Many natural processes, such as those of complex system learning curves, exhibit a progression from small beginnings that accelerates and approaches a climax over time. When a specific mathematical model is lacking, a sigmoid function is often used.^[3] Nights at freddys fnaf.

The van Genuchten–Gupta model is based on an inverted S-curve and applied to the response of crop yield to soil salinity.

Examples of the application of the logistic S-curve to the response of crop yield (wheat) to both the soil salinity and depth to water table in the soil are shown in logistic function#In agriculture: modeling crop response.

In artificial neural networks, sometimes non-smooth functions are used instead for efficiency; these are known as hard sigmoids.

In audio signal processing, sigmoid functions are used as waveshapertransfer functions to emulate the sound of analog circuitryclipping.^[4] https://truetfile774.weebly.com/photo-mechanic-5-0-17338-download-free.html.

In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation and Hill–Langmuir equation are sigmoid functions.

In computer graphics and real-time rendering, some of the sigmoid functions are used to blend colors or geometry between two values, smoothly and without visible seams or discontinuities.

Titration curves between strong acids and strong bases have a sigmoid shape due to the logarithmic nature of the pH scale. Baixar telegram gratis.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Funciones De Excel Wikipedia Template

1. ^ ^abHan, Jun; Morag, Claudio (1995). 'The influence of the sigmoid function parameters on the speed of backpropagation learning'. In Mira, José; Sandoval, Francisco (eds.). From Natural to Artificial Neural Computation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 930. pp. 195–201. doi:10.1007/3-540-59497-3_175. ISBN978-3-540-59497-0.
2. ^Software to fit an S-curve to a data set [1]
3. ^Gibbs, M.N. (Nov 2000). 'Variational Gaussian process classifiers'. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. 11 (6): 1458–1464. doi:10.1109/72.883477. PMID18249869. S2CID14456885.
4. ^Smith, Julius O. (2010). Physical Audio Signal Processing (2010 ed.). W3K Publishing. ISBN978-0-9745607-2-4. Retrieved 28 March 2020.

• Mitchell, Tom M. (1997). Machine Learning. WCB–McGraw–Hill. ISBN978-0-07-042807-2.. In particular see 'Chapter 4: Artificial Neural Networks' (in particular pp. 96–97) where Mitchell uses the word 'logistic function' and the 'sigmoid function' synonymously – this function he also calls the 'squashing function' – and the sigmoid (aka logistic) function is used to compress the outputs of the 'neurons' in multi-layer neural nets.
• Humphrys, Mark. 'Continuous output, the sigmoid function'. Properties of the sigmoid, including how it can shift along axes and how its domain may be transformed.

A sigmoid function is a mathematical function having a characteristic 'S'-shaped curve or sigmoid curve. A common example of a sigmoid function is the logistic function shown in the first figure and defined by the formula:^[1]

S(x)=11+e−x=exex+1.{displaystyle S(x)={frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}={frac {e^{x}}{e^{x}+1}}.}

Other standard sigmoid functions are given in the Examples section.

Special cases of the sigmoid function include the Gompertz curve (used in modeling systems that saturate at large values of x) and the ogee curve (used in the spillway of some dams). Sigmoid functions have domain of all real numbers, with return (response) value commonly monotonically increasing but could be decreasing. Sigmoid functions most often show a return value (y axis) in the range 0 to 1. Another commonly used range is from −1 to 1.

A wide variety of sigmoid functions including the logistic and hyperbolic tangent functions have been used as the activation function of artificial neurons. Sigmoid curves are also common in statistics as cumulative distribution functions (which go from 0 to 1), such as the integrals of the logistic density, the normal density, and Student's t probability density functions. The logistic sigmoid function is invertible, and its inverse is the logit function.

Definition[edit]

A sigmoid function is a bounded, differentiable, real function that is defined for all real input values and has a non-negative derivative at each point^[1] and exactly one inflection point. A sigmoid 'function' and a sigmoid 'curve' refer to the same object.

Properties[edit]

In general, a sigmoid function is monotonic, and has a first derivative which is bell shaped. Conversely, the integral of any continuous, non-negative, bell-shaped function (with one local maximum and no local minimum, unless degenerate) will be sigmoidal. Thus the cumulative distribution functions for many common probability distributions are sigmoidal. One such example is the error function, which is related to the cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution.

Mojave on late 2011 macbook pro. A sigmoid function is constrained by a pair of horizontal asymptotes as x→±∞{displaystyle xrightarrow pm infty }.

A sigmoid function is convex for values less than 0, and it is concave for values greater than 0.

Examples[edit]

Funciones De Excel Pdf

f(x)=11+e−x{displaystyle f(x)={frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}}

• Hyperbolic tangent (shifted and scaled version of the logistic function, above)

f(x)=tanh⁡x=ex−e−xex+e−x{displaystyle f(x)=tanh x={frac {e^{x}-e^{-x}}{e^{x}+e^{-x}}}}

f(x)=arctan⁡x{displaystyle f(x)=arctan x}

f(x)=gd⁡(x)=∫0x1cosh⁡tdt=2arctan⁡(tanh⁡(x2)){displaystyle f(x)=operatorname {gd} (x)=int _{0}^{x}{frac {1}{cosh t}},dt=2arctan left(tanh left({frac {x}{2}}right)right)}

f(x)=erf⁡(x)=2π∫0xe−t2dt{displaystyle f(x)=operatorname {erf} (x)={frac {2}{sqrt {pi }}}int _{0}^{x}e^{-t^{2}},dt}

f(x)=(1+e−x)−α,α>0{displaystyle f(x)=(1+e^{-x})^{-alpha },quad alpha >0}

• Smoothstep function

f(x)={(∫01(1−u2)Ndu)−1∫0x(1−u2)Ndu,|x|≤1sgn⁡(x)|x|≥1N≥1{displaystyle f(x)={begin{cases}displaystyle {left(int _{0}^{1}(1-u^{2})^{N} duright)^{-1}int _{0}^{x}(1-u^{2})^{N} du},&|x|leq 1operatorname {sgn}(x)&|x|geq 1end{cases}},quad Ngeq 1}

• Some algebraic functions, for example

f(x)=x1+x2{displaystyle f(x)={frac {x}{sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}}

Applications[edit]

Many natural processes, such as those of complex system learning curves, exhibit a progression from small beginnings that accelerates and approaches a climax over time. When a specific mathematical model is lacking, a sigmoid function is often used.^[3]

The van Genuchten–Gupta model is based on an inverted S-curve and applied to the response of crop yield to soil salinity.

Examples of the application of the logistic S-curve to the response of crop yield (wheat) to both the soil salinity and depth to water table in the soil are shown in logistic function#In agriculture: modeling crop response.

Warframe where to farm rare mods. In artificial neural networks, sometimes non-smooth functions are used instead for efficiency; these are known as hard sigmoids.

In audio signal processing, sigmoid functions are used as waveshapertransfer functions to emulate the sound of analog circuitryclipping.^[4]

In biochemistry and pharmacology, the Hill equation and Hill–Langmuir equation are sigmoid functions.

In computer graphics and real-time rendering, some of the sigmoid functions are used to blend colors or geometry between two values, smoothly and without visible seams or discontinuities.

Ios 8 system requirements. Titration curves between strong acids and strong bases have a sigmoid shape due to the logarithmic nature of the pH scale.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abHan, Jun; Morag, Claudio (1995). 'The influence of the sigmoid function parameters on the speed of backpropagation learning'. In Mira, José; Sandoval, Francisco (eds.). From Natural to Artificial Neural Computation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 930. pp. 195–201. doi:10.1007/3-540-59497-3_175. ISBN978-3-540-59497-0.
2. ^Software to fit an S-curve to a data set [1]
3. ^Gibbs, M.N. (Nov 2000). 'Variational Gaussian process classifiers'. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. 11 (6): 1458–1464. doi:10.1109/72.883477. PMID18249869. S2CID14456885.
4. ^Smith, Julius O. (2010). Physical Audio Signal Processing (2010 ed.). W3K Publishing. ISBN978-0-9745607-2-4. Retrieved 28 March 2020.

• Mitchell, Tom M. (1997). Machine Learning. WCB–McGraw–Hill. ISBN978-0-07-042807-2.. In particular see 'Chapter 4: Artificial Neural Networks' (in particular pp. 96–97) where Mitchell uses the word 'logistic function' and the 'sigmoid function' synonymously – this function he also calls the 'squashing function' – and the sigmoid (aka logistic) function is used to compress the outputs of the 'neurons' in multi-layer neural nets.
• Humphrys, Mark. 'Continuous output, the sigmoid function'. Properties of the sigmoid, including how it can shift along axes and how its domain may be transformed.